The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. With a population growth rate of 2.3% per annum, the UN predicts the regions population will be 2-2.5 billion by 2050. The UN estimates that the US, alongside eight other countries, will account for half of the global population by 2050. Although Asia is experiencing population growth, the growth rate has slowed down to 0.96%. The PLA is outfitted primarily with a wide mix of older and modern domestically-produced systems heavily influenced by technology derived from other countries. ), 29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. WebChina presents a greater geoeconomic challenge to the United States than Russia does. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Most Densely And Most Sparsely Populated Countries. WebUkrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est. In July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. It has a population of about 39,000 residents. Indonesia is home to the worlds most populous island, Java. Web7% more than NATO countries average. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). Namibia is Sub-Sahara Africas driest country. 25,000-30,000 Ukraine (includes Crimea) (2020), 425 Mali (MINUSMA); 225 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 320 Sudan (UNAMID); 420 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,000 South Sudan (UNMISS); up to 2,000 Djibouti (Jan 2021), limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates, major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic consumption of synthetic drugs, and heroin from Southeast and Southwest Asia; source country for methamphetamine and heroin chemical precursors, despite new regulations on its large chemical industry; more people believed to be convicted and executed for drug offences than anywhere else in the world, according to NGOs, Refugees and internally displaced persons. Although the region has a comparatively low population growth rate, most countries have a growing population due to increased life expectancy and immigration. ), 11% of total installed capacity (2017 est. The nation decided to choose dried lake for the nuclear site, Lop Nur. It is one of the countries in Europe that have experienced a mix of population growth and decline in the last three decades. Sub-Sahara Africa comprises African countries lying south of the Sahara Desert. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia's commodity-based growth model. The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. Tuvalus population has been rising steadily in the last three decades due to the high birth rate and lower death rate. Monaco is the worlds second-smallest country by size, covering 2.1 square kilometers. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. Monaco, a city-state bordered by France, is the worlds most densely populated sovereign state with 19,196 people per square kilometer. China continues to pursue an industrial policy, state support of key sectors, and a restrictive investment regime. Heres 600-650,000 People's Armed Police (2020), information varies; approximately 800,000 total active duty troops (350,000 Ground Troops, including about 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 150,000 Aerospace Forces; 60,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; 90,000 other uniformed personnel (special operations forces, command and control, support, etc. India will surpass China as the worlds most populous country, with 1.1 billion people, despite an overall decline in population growth. With a 1.2% population growth rate, India could be the first country to host more than 1.5 billion people. Despite the efforts of the greatest correspondence with the reality, there is no guarantee, that all the data is true. China population is 4.35 times the US population, with China home to about 1.44 billion people and the United States to 331 million in 2020. China is four times denser than the US as China's population density is 153 people per square km compared to 36 of By 2050, Russia will be 15th and by 2100 22nd with 126 million people. Reforms began with the phaseout of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, growth of the private sector, development of stock markets and a modern banking system, and opening to foreign trade and investment. Owner of this site is not responsible for potential mistakes or lacks of data. Although China developed and tested its first atomic device only in 1964, they managed to test their first hydrogen bomb only 32 months later. However, if the only land area (150 million square miles) is considered, the population density is 50.9 people per square kilometer. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would resume a gradual appreciation. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Currently, there are over 4.5 billion people in Asia, including 2.3 billion in East Asia and Pacific and 1.8 billion in South Asia. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China), 25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established), National Day (anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949), Russia Day, 12 June (1990); note - commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes; note - on 28 May 2020, the National People's Congress adopted the PRC Civil Code, which codifies personal relations and property relations, civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts, Chinese Communist Party or CCP [XI Jinping], ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC, red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party of China, three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, International law organization participation, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, dragon, giant panda; national colors: red, yellow, bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Distribution of family income - Gini index, world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites, complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts, maize, rice, vegetables, wheat, sugar cane, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons, sweet potatoes, wheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, barley, sunflower seed, maize, poultry, oats, soybeans, broadcasting equipment, computers, integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, telephones (2019), crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019), United States 17%, Hong Kong 10%, Japan 6% (2019), China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019), crude petroleum, integrated circuits, iron, natural gas, cars, gold (2019), cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019), South Korea 9%, Japan 8%, Australia 7%, Germany 7%, US 7%, Taiwan 6% (2019), China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019), Electricity - installed generating capacity, 62% of total installed capacity (2016 est. Russia is around However, it experienced a less than 0.5% growth rate between 1994 and 2004. It has a population of approximately 102.3 million, down from 110.8 million in 1989, or -8.3% population growth. ), Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est. ), 4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est. Indias population is 1.37 billion, making it the second-most populous country. It accounts for about 18.4% of the worlds population. It covers 825,615 square kilometers and has a population of 2.75 million people. The last of five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT, which at this moment possesses approximately 280 nuclear warheads in total. Vatican City, an enclave of Rome, Italy, is the worlds least populous country with approximately 825 people. In the end of 1980s, they were the leading power when it comes to total number of warheads stored. WebChina Russia; Population: 1,397,897,720 (July 2021 est.) From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi held steady against the dollar, but it depreciated 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar - roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. One consequence of China's population control policy known as the "one-child policy" - which was relaxed in 2016 to permit all families to have two children - is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. ), Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry); note - Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet), Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est. 1,397,897,720 (July 2021 est.) Singapore is the 176th largest country with a surface area of 728 square kilometers. China's per capita GDP approaches Russia's; its population is eight times Russia's, and its growth rate three times. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2017 stood as the largest economy in the world, surpassing the US in 2014 for the first time in modern history. km of land area), Table: 5 most densely populated countries in the world. We should also remember about the fact that Russia conducted over 700 tests, what makes them the second most important nation when it comes to developing nuclear weapons. ), 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. The first test that occurred to be successful occurred in 1964. ), Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est. Natural Language; Math Input; Extended Keyboard Examples Upload Random. 142,320,790 (July 2021 est.) About 90 million people in the US are immigrants and their US-born children. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/novel-coronavirus-china; Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam, North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean, approximately 1.8 times the size of the US, extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north, ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast, mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east, broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions, coal, iron ore, helium, petroleum, natural gas, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, ferrosilicon, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, mercury, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, antimony, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land, wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources, air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms, and desertification; trade in endangered species, air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides, 2,840,220,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est. Chinese leaders in 2010 pledged to double China's GDP by 2020, and the 13th Five Year Plan includes annual economic growth targets of at least 6.5% through 2020 to achieve that goal. 200-250,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2020), Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, the PLA is outfitted primarily with a wide mix of older and modern domestically-produced systems heavily influenced by technology derived from other countries; Russia is the top supplier of foreign military equipment since 2010, followed by France and Ukraine; the Chinese defense-industrial sector is large and capable of producing advanced weapons systems across all military domains; it is the world's second largest arms producer (2020), the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically-produced weapons systems, although since 2010 Russia has imported limited amounts of military hardware from several countries, including Czechia, France, Israel, Italy, Turkey, and Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of designing, developing, and producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware (2020), 425 Mali (MINUSMA); 225 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 320 Sudan (UNAMID); 420 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,000 South Sudan (UNMISS); up to 2,000 Djibouti (Jan 2021), est. https://www.worldatlas.com/features/countries-by-population.html Table: Countries by population. ), Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est. ). India cannot afford to follow the West in this self-defeating enterprise, the implicit assumption of which The repatriation of immigrant workers back to their countries contributed to the decline. ), Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est. China is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 These countries are also the worlds smallest countries by land size. Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology Nevertheless, the number of deployed bombs is unknown. Table: 10 Most Populous Countries In 2100. Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware and has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons. From mid-2005 to late 2008, the renminbi (RMB) appreciated more than 20% against the US dollar, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing announced it would resume a gradual appreciation. Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. China became the world's largest exporter in 2010, and the largest trading nation in 2013. ), 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est. ), 1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est. ), .ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out, all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide its reporting with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast; increasingly, Chinese turn to online and satellite television to access Chinese and international films and television shows (2019), 13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations, 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009), 76000 km gas, 30400 km crude oil, 27700 km refined petroleum products, 797000 km water (2018), 177700 km gas, 54800 km oil, 19300 km refined products (2016), Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (information warfare, cyber, space forces); People's Armed Police (PAP, includes Coast Guard, Border Defense Force, Internal Security Forces); PLA Reserve Force (2021), Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches, 18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2019), 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019), Military and security service personnel strengths, information varies; approximately 2 million total active duty troops (est. The continent hosts two of the worlds most populous countries; China and India. WebWalking away from Russia is the equivalent of handing over Russia to China. ), Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est. Meanwhile, the population of Russia is WebRussia is approximately 17,098,242 sq km, while China is approximately 9,596,960 sq km, making China 56.13% the size of Russia. 18-24 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs; a recent military decision allows women in combat roles. However, the majority of the people live in the southwest regions. vs U.S. vs. Japan Population Comparison: China, EU, USA, and Japan Below we compare the population and GDP figures of the ), 18% of total installed capacity (2017 est. A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. ), Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est. and for the next two millennia, China alternated between periods of unity and disunity under a succession of imperial dynasties. It was still quite a surprise for the Western Powers, who believed that Russia wont be capable of producing nuclear warheads until 1953-1954. Source: World Bank, The global population is 7.63 billion and the Earths total surface area is 510.1 million square kilometers. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/novel-coronavirus-china; North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean, Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam, approximately 1.8 times the size of the US, ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast, extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north, broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions, mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east, wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber, note, formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources, coal, iron ore, helium, petroleum, natural gas, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, ferrosilicon, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, mercury, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, antimony, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest), arable land, air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides, air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal produces acid rain; China is the world's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; coastal destruction due to land reclamation, industrial development, and aquaculture; deforestation and habitat destruction; poor land management leads to soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, dust storms, and desertification; trade in endangered species, 4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est. 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