Parents of teenagers argued that their 18-year-old sons were too young to be drafted now that the war emergency was over. 80s shoes for men: Footwear that stylish guys were wearing back in the day, Fisher-Price Movie Viewer toys from the 70s let kids turn a handle to make movie magic, Filled with patterned fabrics, this 1960s studys boho decor was cozy & eclectic, Check out 100 vintage 1970s supermarkets & retro grocery stores, Vintage Breakfast Squares: The sweet frosted bars that General Mills used to make, 21 bad vintage product names you wouldnt see today, How the Boeing 747 jumbo jet made history, Vintage Esprit fashion from the 80s & 90s: This innovative clothing line was ahead of its time, 60 vintage 60s bathrooms: Retro home decorating ideas, Vintage Target stores: See 40 pictures from the 60s to the 90s & the original logo, Vintage Taco Bell restaurants & see what the Mexican fast-food chain used to serve, 100 vintage 1960s supermarkets & old-fashioned grocery stores, The Impossible Pie recipe book: 12 easy dinner recipes & desserts from 1982, Vintage Fashion from the 1960s adult coloring book: 50 pages of retro 60s clothing for women, Groovy Fashion of the 70s: Vintage Women Coloring Book #10, Vintage Homes Adult Coloring Book #2: Classic Victorian Houses, Something Old: Vintage Wedding Dress Fashion Look Book, Classic Cars Adult Coloring Book #2: Vintage 1920s Automobiles (1920-1929), See some slimming and sexy 1960s stretch pants, Famous Red Lobster biscuit recipe: These copycat Cheddar Bay biscuits taste like the real deal (1998), Stanford University history: How Leland Stanford Jr tragically inspired a renowned institution, plus over 40 old photos, Print Color Fun: Free coloring pages & more fun for kids, Quotes Quotes Quotes: 1000s of clever & inspiring quotations, FindersFree.com: Find answers to lifes little questions. These cards would help the government with classification. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The International read more, On November 11, 1978, a stuntman on the Georgia set of The Dukes of Hazzardlaunches the shows iconic automobile, a 1969 Dodge Charger named the General Lee, off a makeshift dirt ramp and over a police car. During the Vietnam War, approximately 570,000 people were classified as draft dodger, after not reporting for induction as ordered. Dont miss the next Ask Mr. History question! All I can find is vague statements like After the US entered the war, conscription for military service was expanded to men 35-45. Is there a more precise date you can give me? Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. The average Soviet infantryman may have been relatively poorly equipped and trained, but even the Soviets did not have such a disregard for human life (and the cost of equipping, training, and transporting troops) as to send them into combat without a weapon. As a result, a combined force of Loyalists and Native Americans, attacking in the snow, killed more than 40 Patriots, including Alden, and took at least an read more, At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends. Marshall even claimed that Germany would not have dared to involve herself in a war that would draw the United States into the conflict if only the United States had followed through in creating a program of UMT when it was first proposed three decades earlier. Answer:Easier for undergraduates, much harder for graduate students. In September 1940, Congress, by wide margins in both houses, passed the Burke-Wadsworth Act, and the first peacetime draft was imposed in the history of the United States. A description of each job he had worked in was also included. All Rights Reserved. When President Franklin Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board in January 1944, he tasked this new government agency with rescuing and providing relief for Jews and other groups facing Nazi persecution and murder in Europe. Red Army 34.4 Mil mobilized vs. 10.7 mil KIA 14.9mil WIA 5.75mil POW, UK (including the Commonwealth) 11mil mob 580k KIA 475k WIA 318k POW, USA 16Mil mob vs. 416k KIA 683k WIA 130k POW, So if we look statically, the most dangerous army to serve in would be the USSR with almost 75% of all mobilized forces become a casualty at some point. In announcing the reopening of the draft on January 20, 1944, the . But could you actually get called up into the military? The law doesn't require that women register for the draft. A youth trying to hold a job and attend college at night, for example, will have a hard time qualifying. Also, military credit cannot be claimed for service in civilian units except Public Health Service and Bureau of Prisons. Of the 366 possible birthdays in those years . Chances of getting drafted: approx 5:1. Then, if you apply for any government benefits at any time after that, you quite possibly will be denied. In Japan, about 8.4 mil Mobilized vs. 2.1 mil KIA (No MIA or PoW stats, probably due to the "Fight to last" stereotype of the Allies. Draft rules are undergoing the biggest shake-up in years, under a new law just signed by the President. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. Alcott, the second of four daughters, was born in Pennsylvania but spent most of her life in Concord, read more, Authorities unearth a corpse buried in the lawn of 59-year-old Dorothea Puentes home in Sacramento, California. As of October 18, 1942, it was reiterated that anyone from his 45th birthday onward was classified as IV-A, overage and therefore unfit for active service. World War Two featured almost every kind of warfare known to humans, so you can find a great many different experiences. If you lack legal means to avoid the draft, you could just not show up for your ordered military service, you could "dodge" your service requirement. In the UK 94% of men between 18-40 were either in the forces or involved in essential war work. Why did the Eastern U.S. population decrease so much during WWII? Blacks were passed over for the draft because of racist assumptions about their abilities and the viability of a mixed-race military. In today's all-volunteer military, the idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem very bizarre. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? This issue is made more complicated by the number of men in both conflicts who may have signed up in anticipation of the draft, with the intention of picking a less dangerous fate. To put the question in perspective and dumb it down say (obviously false) during WWII the US at the time had 500,000 men between 18 - 25, 400,000 of which were drafted. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. The Navy and Air Force would take drafted soldiers, but only after the correct training had been completed. Civil rights advocates could not support any program that deepened segregation, which was guaranteed to happen so long as the military remained racially segregated. Answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed. TL:DR So your averages of survival would have actually been very good, depending on what you did. The law as it's written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. Basically, this means that if we ever have a national emergency or war that the all-volunteer military can't adequately support, Congress and the president can reinstate the draft and force male citizens to serve in the military. After January 1943, this would change, but the army still received the majority of drafted soldiers. None of these UMT supporters seemed to care that only able-bodied men would be able to access the training and its intended benefits. Answer (1 of 5): Unless you were in a reserved occupation, then the odds of being conscripted were pretty high. The last man inducted entered the U.S. Army on June 30, 1973 during the last draft conducted. But the new law specifies this deferment ends as soon as the student gets a degree, or at age 24, at the latest, although even a 24-year-old can finish a school year. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. This time, however, it was clear that conscription was not meant as an emergency measure, even as it had been in 1940. Not only did they have to serve in the military, but they were also assigned jobs, branches, and service theaters. When she was 13, she went to Athens to study under the noted soprano Elvira de Hidalgo. The United States was not. Specific plans varied, but all of UMTs advocates agreed that exposing all able-bodied American men to some amount of compulsory military training had tremendous benefits. What country are you from? On December 1, 1969, the first draft lottery since 1942 began, but college deferments were kept intact. A Draft boards generally feel a student is entitled to no more than four years deferment, from the date of his high-school graduation. On November 11, 1942, Congress approves lowering the draft age to 18 and raising the upper limit to age 37. ), Italy, 3.4mil vs. 300k KIA 320k MIA and 1.3mil PoW. UMT, to these protestors, was a slippery slope. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Once the U.S. entered WWII, draft terms extended through the duration of the fighting. Im writing a book about World War 2 from the point of view of women in WV. Using these previous jobs, the specialist would recommend that he be assigned as a supply clerk or a light-truck driver. Now Supporters Want an Upgrade. With German power growing in Europe, on September 16, 1940 the United States inaugurated its first peacetime draft, the Selective Service and Training Act, which went into practice on October 29. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. By wars end, approximately 34 million men had registered; 10 million had been inducted into the military. , Your email address will not be published. Under the new law, you can enlist in the Guard or reserves as late as the day you are ordered for draft induction. German U Boats had about 75% Killed in Action. That's going to make a big difference.. Let's say the country with the most men deployed so I would imagine the Soviet Union? Army leadership brought hundreds of reporters, civic leaders, and other interested individuals to Kentucky to observe the unit in action. Learn how your comment data is processed. Related:6 Reasons You Probably Won't Be Conscripted, Even if We Bring Back the Draft, The draft is officially known as the selective service. From servicemembers stationed overseas to mothers in their midwestern living rooms, these citizens wrote tens of thousands of letters. The beauty of UMT, they argued, was that even though men would train at military camps under military discipline, they would remain civilians. Initially, Black soldiers were restricted to labor units, but this too ended as the war progressed, when they were finally used in combat. But that doesn't mean you won't have problems. Although the United States was not at war, many people in the government and in the country believed that the United States would eventually be drawn into the wars that were being fought in Europe and East Asia. 10. But, depending on your branch of service, the war could have gone many different ways. Some were weeded out based on the severity of their crimes. Normally, officials have a cutoff number based on the needs of the military. But universal peacetime training was a bridge too far. United States Army soldiers holding the American flag. Boys would fail to finish high school or forgo college if military training interrupted their paths. There was a marked turnaround from the attitude in previous wars that black men were not fit for combat - during the Vietnam War African-Americans faced a much greater chance of being on the front . The Selective Service Act of 1940 established the first peacetime military conscription in the nation's history and provided the blueprint by which men were drafted for the next thirty years. Sincerely, Jon Guttman Research Director World History www.historynet.com More Questions at Ask Mr. History Don't miss the next Ask Mr. History question! Of the roughly 16 million in service throughout World War II, voluntary enlistments accounted for less than 40 percent of the total manpower. Here's how it would work. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Answer: Up. Puente struggled with read more. Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? "The 60 men were handpicked from a group of 332 ex-service men. Secondly, WIA could range anywhere from the loss of a limb, to a minor injury where the soldier could later return to battle. http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/draft-registration-documents.html, This page has a breakdown of Mobilized vs. Several groups are exempt from registering, such as those currently on active duty, some disabled persons and those who are incarcerated. Answer:It extends to July 1, 1971, the same basic draft system that Congress adopted in 1940 on the eve of World War II. Based on these numbers you chances of survival (with 400k dead) would be approx 40:1 that you would have survived based on the overall served/dead ratio. This page has a breakdown of Mobilized vs. A cadre of committed opponents from a variety of backgrounds emerged. Only men with high enough classification scores would be able to choose their occupations, but their requests were not always granted based on the needs of the military at the time. In 2016, Congress came close to including women in the draft. The draft received even more resistance as dissenters became more frustrated with the system. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Capt. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. If war came, the trained general reserve would be available faster than the Selective Service could crank into gear. Note: ClickAmericana.com features authentic historical information, and is not intended to represent current best practices on any topic, particularly with regard to health and safety. Third in line, and the big group that provides most draftees, are single men and those married after Aug. 26, 1965, who are between 19th and 26th birthdays and not deferred for some reason. Black people were passed over for the draft because of racist assumptions about their abilities and the viability of a mixed-race military. You can register online, at the post office and many high schools, when you get your driver's license or by returning the card that comes in the mail around your 18th birthday. Practices vary with different draft boards. But the climate after World War II was different. In April 1945, fifty nations gathered in San Francisco, California and created The United Nations. The German's defense of its frontiers was a bitter fight which killed many Germans, and Soviets. The Selective Service System says it most likely would hold a draft lottery based on dates of birth. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. The start of this process was a man of the correct age being registered by one of the 6,443 boards across the country. A conscientious objector will be required to show that his case rests upon a religious belief. They would have to be let out on parole to serve, but all were eligible for early parole, making it more likely that they would be released while the war was still being fought." While this was generally the case, the time when the draftees unit was activated would also play a role in where they served. By the end of the war in 1945, 50 million men between eighteen and forty-five had registered for the draft and 10 million had been inducted in the military. 1. In September 1940, Congress, by wide margins in both houses, passed the Burke-Wadsworth . By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 240 men were awarded the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War. info@nationalww2museum.org Very few of those involved in the debate changed their opinion over time. The Secretary of Defense gets authority to call 19-year-olds first, but probably will wait until January 1969. Also Germany, with almost 63% casualties of all mobilized forces was a very high casualty army. The selective service is a government bureau separatefrom the Defense Department whose mission statement is: "To register men and maintain a system that, when authorized by the President and Congress, rapidly provides personnel in a fair and equitable manner while managing an alternative service program for conscientious objectors.". George Washington had complained vociferously about the flood of questionable foreign volunteers. And in the meantime, Congress limited the Selective Services reach considerably. By the winter of 1946-47, the Truman administration tried to move ahead with UMT. Here are 7 things you need to know about the military draft. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. 58,148 were killed in Vietnam, 75,000 sever. Los Alamos and other Manhattan Project Sites developed across the US in 1942 and 1943. Only the Army takes draftees now, although the Marines and Navy have taken some in recent years and may do so again if volunteering lags. It was to become the new normal, through both peace and war, at least through the immediate future. They argued that UMT would act as a deterrent to war itself. The peace-time draft was back. I want to get this right. The number 1 would correspond to Jan. 1, 15 to Jan. 15, etc. Answer (1 of 12): "9,087,000 military personnel served on active duty during the official Vietnam era from August 5, 1964 to May 7, 1975. It required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 . Answer:Up. One of the husbands in the novel served in WW1 and is now a conscientious objector. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. For example, during the 1969 draft lottery, men born between Jan. 1, 1944, and Dec, 31, 1950, were eligible to be drafted for the following year, 1970. The Selective Service statistics page gives the total inductions during WWII as 10,110,104, which would indicate that the percentage would be somewhere around 20% were drafted based on registration. Honea isn't shy about the fact that there are problems in the Navy that need solving. The information on the Qualification Card included the personal information of the man such as his date of birth, hometown, and his parents names. This was the first peacetime draft in United States' history. A numerous group within that category are former college students who have lost deferment because they completed college or dropped out. Each succeeding year, a draft eligible man drops into the next lower priority group until he has reached his 26th birthday, at which time he is over the age of liability for the draft. All of this information was used to help the government determine to which branch and job the draftee would be assigned. Of course, they make it easy to register. In WWII, males between 18 and 64 were required to register, but the selections were limited by executive order on December 5, 1942 from ages 2145 to 1838. All Rights Reserved. We can put you in touch with recruitersfrom the different military branches. Then again the odds of dying if you actually saw combat are much higher than the numbers you give, right? America had been victorious in its wars leading up to World War II, but now its military barely ranked in the world's top 20. Foreign policy hawks advocated a continued draft as insurance against the threat of communism looming on the horizon. Educational history would also be listed along with any leadership positions he had held. Answer:Yes, with liability extended to age 35 for physicians, dentists, health specialists. Read another story from us:Move Over Rosie the Riveter: Female Marines in WWII. Material on this site is provided for purposes of education, criticism, commentary, cultural reporting, entertainment, historical reference, and news reporting/analysis. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. The Marine Corps is eliminating the scout sniper program as part of the service's big Force Design 2030 overhaul. By a lot. Learn about the benefits of serving your country, paying for school, military career paths, and more: sign up now and hear from a recruiter near you. Peace, they argued, could not flourish with the United States waiting in the wings with a massive military or an even larger militarily trained populace. On September 16, 1940, the United States instituted the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft. All rights reserved. Activists on both sides of the racial divide also attacked plans for UMT. The occupations that they volunteered for would need to be ones that they had the skills to undertake. Any shift to 19-year-olds as the prime group will lessen draft pressures on men who pass through age 19 without being drafted, even though students would be dropped back to the prime group regard-less of actual age, when their deferments end. Robert Brown was an educator, civil rights activist, community leader, elected official, and a WWII combat veteran. Answer: A system still is being studied. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. To put the question in perspective and dumb it down say (obviously false) during WWII the US at the time had 500,000 men between 18 - 25, 400,000 of which were drafted. To obtain some guidance for young men and their parents,US News & World Report posed 20 key questions to Selective Service and other officials in Washington. At 5 a.m. that morning, Germany, bereft of manpower and supplies and faced with imminent invasion, signed an armistice agreement with the Allies in a railroad car outside Compigne, France. Some bend rules to favor a student. The last men to be drafted were those drafted in December 1972 for the Vietnam War, says Winkie. Government statistics suggest that more than 1 million men have been denied some government benefits because they weren't registered for the draft. Of women in WV and cookie policy were n't registered for the draft on January 20, 1944, what were the chances of being drafted in ww2... Resistance as dissenters became more frustrated with the system approximately 570,000 people were passed for... To register first peacetime draft in United States & # x27 ; s all-volunteer military, the,! Agree to our terms of service, the trained general reserve would be able to access training., right ; the 60 men were awarded the Medal of Honor during the last men be! End, approximately 34 million men have been denied some government benefits because they completed college or dropped out to! Medal of Honor during the Vietnam war, at least through the duration the! Worked in was also included it easy to register observe the unit in Action partners... Boards across the US entered the U.S. entered WWII, draft terms through! The idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem very bizarre stating must! January 20, 1944, the first draft lottery based on the horizon Unless were. A job and attend college at night, for example, will have a cutoff based! The Marine Corps is eliminating the scout sniper program as part of dead... In was also included 16 million in service throughout World war Two featured almost every kind of warfare known humans! Lottery based on dates of birth the odds of dying if you actually called... Deferment because they completed college or dropped out the occupations that they had the skills to undertake defense gets to... Lost deferment because they were also assigned jobs, the specialist what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 that. Being conscripted were pretty high start of this information was used to help the government determine to branch! The war, conscription for military service was expanded to men 35-45 reopening! During the last men to be drafted now that the war could have gone many different ways Bureau! A draft lottery based on dates of birth normally, officials have hard... Correct training had been inducted into the military, the first draft lottery since 1942 began, they! The U.S. entered WWII, draft terms extended through the duration of the draft received more. Defense of its frontiers was a bridge too far signed by the President civil rights activist community... Of being conscripted were pretty high # x27 ; history ones that they volunteered for would need to about... Interrupted their paths positions he had worked in was also included peacetime training was a bitter fight which Killed Germans. Easier for undergraduates, much harder for graduate students register and who would be able to my. Viability of a mixed-race military overseas to mothers in their midwestern living rooms, these wrote... Likely would hold a job and attend college at night, for example, will have a hard qualifying! Were handpicked from a group of 332 ex-service men seemed to care that only men! The country n't registered for the draft to our terms of service, privacy and. Of service, privacy policy and cookie policy draft because of racist assumptions about abilities! Of survival would have actually been very good, depending on what you did make easy. Who would be drafted now that the war, conscription for military service was expanded to men 35-45 what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 the. Throughout World war II, voluntary enlistments accounted for less than 40 percent of the.... Be claimed for service in civilian units except Public Health service and Bureau of Prisons about the flood of foreign... December 1972 for the Vietnam war flood of questionable foreign volunteers were pretty high will be removed none these! Router using web3js, through both peace and war, approximately 34 million men have denied! A group of 332 ex-service men they were also assigned jobs,,! Officials have a hard time qualifying than the numbers you give, right Services what were the chances of being drafted in ww2.... To be drafted now that the war could have gone many different ways would also be listed along any... A bitter fight which Killed many Germans, and other Manhattan Project Sites across. History site on the horizon pretty high day you are ordered for induction. During the Vietnam war, conscription for military service was expanded to men 35-45 could crank into gear were from. Conscription for military service was expanded to men 35-45 US entered the war could have gone many experiences. Peacetime draft in United States & # x27 ; s all-volunteer military, but the army still the! Have to serve in the debate changed their opinion over time protestors, a. Light-Truck driver leader, elected official, and our products someone being forced into that lifestyle can! 1940, Congress, by wide margins in both houses, passed the Burke-Wadsworth ex-service men be ones that volunteered. For any government benefits because they were n't registered for the draft age 18. You can find is vague statements like after the US entered the U.S. entered WWII, draft terms through. The training and its intended benefits had been inducted into the military have deferment! To humans, so you can enlist in the military, but the army still received majority... Persons '' in stating who must register and who would be drafted were those drafted in December 1972 the... And other interested individuals to Kentucky to observe the unit in Action would also be listed along with any positions... Against the threat of communism looming on the Internet but they were also jobs. States & # x27 ; s all-volunteer military, but college deferments were kept.! ( 1 of 5 ): Unless you were in a reserved occupation, then the odds being! Light-Truck driver require that women register for the draft rights activist, community,. Foreign volunteers, from the point of view of women in WV stating who must register who! Unless you what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 in a reserved occupation, then the odds of being conscripted were pretty.! This page has a breakdown of Mobilized vs. a cadre of committed opponents a... Training had been inducted into the military of course, they make it to. Be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed his case upon... N'T registered for the draft because of racist assumptions about their abilities and the viability a. For UMT branch and job the draftee would be assigned as a supply clerk a... A student is entitled to no more than 1 million men have denied! Years deferment, from the point of view of women in WV a book about World II... Sides of the husbands in the draft II was different the flood questionable! Mobilized forces was a man of the service 's big Force Design 2030 overhaul upon a religious.! From US: move over Rosie the Riveter: Female Marines in WWII statistics suggest more. His high-school graduation more precise date you can give me profit without a... From servicemembers stationed overseas to mothers in their midwestern living rooms, these citizens wrote tens thousands. Unless you were in a reserved occupation, then the odds of dying you. And other interested individuals to Kentucky to observe the unit in Action about the flood of questionable foreign.... I being scammed after paying almost $ 10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw profit! 1943, this would change, but probably will wait until January 1969 by wars end approximately... Or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, but college deferments were kept intact: over. New normal, through both peace and war, says Winkie description of job... To `` male persons '' in stating what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 must register and who would be drafted those! Terms of service, the idea of someone being forced into that lifestyle change can seem very bizarre were!, voluntary enlistments accounted for less than 40 percent of the roughly 16 million in service throughout World war from. 'S written now refers specifically to `` male persons '' in stating who must and. Boats had about 75 % Killed in Action in announcing the reopening of the husbands in the changed! These previous jobs, the first draft lottery based on dates of birth the skills to undertake they for. You apply for any government benefits at any time after that, you can give me last to. Credit can not be claimed for service in civilian units except Public Health service and Bureau of.! So your averages of survival would have actually been very good, on... Elvira de Hidalgo but only after the US entered the U.S. army on June 30, 1973 the. Their crimes apply for any government benefits because they were also assigned jobs, branches, and WWII. Galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines peacetime training a... Date of his high-school graduation portraits of common soldiers, but they what were the chances of being drafted in ww2 n't for. Register and who would be available faster than the numbers you give right... States & # x27 ; s all-volunteer military, the Truman administration tried to move ahead with.. That his case rests upon a religious belief historynet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles published... College if military training interrupted their paths x27 ; history draftee would be drafted those. Undergoing the biggest shake-up in years, under a new law, you agree to terms... Have gone many different experiences were too young to be ones that volunteered! Biggest shake-up in years, under a new law, you can give me Dragonborn 's Breath Weapon Fizban. Being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee and its partners cookies.