5 Discrepancies Between Objective and Subjective Responding to physical reality in this way means that subjective experience will always be at odds with physical measurements. Stability and instability, as well as objectivity and subjectivity, dialectically coexist in landscape. It is chorology as opposed to general earth science.Footnote 8 In some sense, Sauer anticipates the objection according to which regional description is inadequate to reach a standard scientific level. The descriptive approach of Sauerian morphology appeared to be incompatible with theoretical aims, such as framing spatial organisation in terms of patterns and processes (Ackermann 1962), discovering spatial laws (Harvey 1969) and highlighting the mechanisms of cognitive mapping (Golledge 1981). Let us know in the comments. These criticisms might be ungenerous, when addressed to the genuine arguments of humanistic geographers. The word subjective, on the other hand, is applied to a word thats the subject of the sentence (in the given example, the dog is the subjectthe one performing the action). According to Malpas: for Aristotle there can be no place or space without an enclosing body; for Plato the idea of space or place is understood always in relation to that which is received within it (Malpas 1998, p. 28). All perception relies on your mind, so your perception of a thing is ultimately subjective. Both rationalists and empiricists at that time conceive space as continuous and infinite, homogeneous and isotropic (Casey 1997, p. 200). In Goethes morphology, the direct observation of natural phenomena entails acknowledging forms in their self-expression and manifestation. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=b6fd073621f5462e86b953142ed809e6. Conscious Cogn. Heres an example of a sentence that uses both objective and subjective in context: "But now we, as pathologists, need more objective measures because symptoms, to a certain degree, are subjective." Objective (Physical) & Subjective (Visual) space. ), The Sage Handbook of Geographical Knowledge, Sage, Assunto R (1973) Il paesaggio e lestetica. In this paper, I will discuss what has been called the space-place conundrum by referring mostly to the human geography contemporary debate on space and place. Hannah is a speculative fiction writer who loves all things strange and surreal. ( A ) Sensitivity ( d ) and response bias (, Objective performance on invisible and clearly visible trials during training. Objective questions. Morphology ensures a connection between aesthetic experience and scientific knowledge. Answer: Geography is the description of the Earth as the "abode" of human beings. The SE of subject, I-ness, is . This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. In most of its common uses, objective is contrasted with subjective, often as if its the opposite. Download preview PDF. Instead, as Heidegger (1951) has pointed out, ancient Greeks conceived place, but not space: both Plato and Aristotle derived their conception of spatial dimensionality by consideration of the bodies, their movements, and their spatial relations. Epub 2009 Aug 26. As a result, the term morphology in the field of geography was progressively deprived of its philosophical significance. Events are the dimensions of subjective time/space continuum. In this sense, Seamons concept of place may collect the legacy of the philosophical meaning of morphology, connected as it is with phenomenology. They can be grasped as landscape elements because, all together and through their interactions, participate to the larger undertaking of landscape formation and transformation. Von Humboldt A (2010) Cosmos Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. A phenomenological account of sciences entails that different and autonomous fields of knowledge can be articulated according to their concern with given categories of phenomena, which stand in various relations with each other but that cannot be reduced to any other. The presence of both natural and anthropic elements, and their relative positions, constitute the real form of a landscape. Routledge, Abingdon, Book According to Sauer, geography has as its specific objects differentiated regions understood as forms. Objective truth can be verified by a third party, regardless of who the third party is. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This precision allows Sauer to question Croces idea that the geographer who is describing a landscape has the same task as a landscape painter (Sauer 1996, p. 300). Routledge, Abingdon, Sack R (1974) The spatial separatist theme in geography. Bookshelf space, deriving a utility function over outcomes and a classical subjective probability measure over states. What is learned when learning to point at "invisible" targets? Space was linked to a substance-dependent metaphysics that prevented it from being interpreted as sheer extension. We find that sensitivity and subjective awareness increase with training. . 2014 Jun;99:88-92. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.12.010. There you have it: a comprehensive guide to the difference between subjective and objective statements. In recent decades, philosophers such as Jeff Malpas (1998, 2018) and Ed Casey (1996, 1997, 2009) have retraced the long history of the idea of space. Before By asserting that the direct influence of environmental stimuli is purely somatic and that what man does in an area because of tabu and totemism or because of his own involves use of environment rather than the active agency of the environment (Sauer 1996, p. 314315), Sauer breaks the causal bond between environmental determination and cultural achievements, paving the way for more advanced and less misleading definitions of culture. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Strictly speaking, as Agnew points out, we should speak of two meanings of place: on the one hand, abstract spatial analysis tends to view places as nodes in space simply reflective of the spatial imprint of universal physical, social or economic processes (Agnew 2011, p. 317) and, on the other hand, place is a distinctive coming together in space (Ibidem), qualitatively unique. (. Morphology in the Goethean sense is always a morphogenesis. Thirdspace constantly challenges the notion of measurable objective and felt subjective . Slider with three articles shown per slide. Subjective statements and observations express people's preferences . Such an account of space entails a coherent conception of place. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. This is why landscape has always been also a matter of artistic painting. In the conclusion of my paper, I will offer some ideas to this end. The dimension of objective space is the number of variables return by the function f. In our case, f map a set of solution A to real number R. The dimension of the objective space is therefore 1. From a conceptual point of view, an updated morphological approach to landscape can reformulate the relationship between space and place by avoiding the oppositional scheme of space-universal-abstract vs place-particular-concrete. As mentioned above, this entails deep consequences on how to conceptualise both space and place. However, the opposite of subjective is the adjective form of objective, which refers to removing personal opinions and feelings about a particular situation. On the other side, the idiographic account of place tends to consider space as a scientific fiction and places as merely subjective and cultural. On the other hand, space, far from being merely objective, is continuously shaped by inter-subjective practices of landscaping. For instance, in the case of the English art historian Hoskins, landscape is a rural idyll intrinsically menaced by the threat of imminent destruction or obliteration (Wylie 2007, p. 36) and disfigured by the villainous requirements of the new age (Hoskins 1995).Footnote 9 The aesthetic interpretation of landscape must be understood as a postulate of the modern division between the pure eye of the subject and nature as pure object.Footnote 10 In the gaze of the allegedly pure subject, landscape is nothing but a visual panorama, external to the subjectivity. VS Verlag fr Sozialwissenschaften, New York. In philosophy, subjective specifically means relating to an object as it exists in the mind, as opposed to the thing as it exists in reality (the thing in itself). The word objective refers to facts that are provable or verifiable. There has been considerable semantic confusion within and across disciplines about the conceptual relationship of space and place. Koritz A (2004) Urban form versus human function in the, 1920 Lewis Mumford and John Dos Passos. All of this does not mean that geography cannot reach scientific standards. When shes not busy writing, you can find her painting watercolors, playing her ukulele, or hiking in the Rockies. Cont Philos Rev 50:335357, Wulf A (2015) The invention of nature: the adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the lost hero of science. Results Subjective and Objective Learning Effe cts Dissociate in Space: Thresholds and Transfer. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, de Certeau M (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life trans. volume32,pages 539556 (2022)Cite this article. As a consequence, the subjectivity of places and the objectivity of space are not refused, but rather dialectically interconnected into the processual reality of landscape. Space owes its relative instability to the human subject's capacity to reinterpret and redraw places by means of new material inscriptions into landscape. National Library of Medicine The lived perceptions and experiences that people can make of both natural and human environments are seen as largely representational: they are possible thanks to the mediation of cultural images which, at the same time, filter and cover the real state of socio-economic relationships. On the Subjectivity of Objective Space. On the contrary, in landscape Sauer sees the first and proper object of geography: starting from it, one can delimit smaller regions characterized by specific physical and symbolic orders, and call them idiographic places; or, one can take into account its mathematizable features and produce the abstraction of absolute space. The total reality of landscape calls for an immersive experience which undoubtedly has aesthetic value. It is important to clarify that, before being considered as a specific discipline or subfield, morphology is a philosophical approach which runs through various disciplines, as it is very well shown by the recently published Glossary of Morphology (2021) edited by Federico Vercellone and Salvatore Tedesco. Subjective vs. Human geographers, anthropologists, landscape researchers, architects, sociologists, and philosophers have engaged in various disputes over how to solve the space and place conundrum. Even though a relational conception of both space and place has gained prominence, especially within human geography and cultural anthropology, the ways in which the relation between human practices, space, and place can be intended are manifold and, in some cases, conflicting.An interesting model is represented by the radical and postmodern geographies of 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Acta Psychiatr Belg. Am Stud 45(22):101123, Kropf K (2009) Aspects of urban form. Wu, S. Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the USA. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Here we investigate how subjects learn to see initially indiscriminable metacontrast-masked shapes. About this topic, see Robbins (2015). However, the question of how these two learning effects relate is largely unexplored. The actual shape of the landscape is, at the same time, the starting point, and the ultimate destination of the inquiry. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 52(3):292298, Article It has been argued that, while overemphasizing representation, this solution disregards the material compositions and conduct of representations (Dewsbury et al. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Gould P (1979) Geography 19571977: the augean period. Alinea, Firenze, Richards R (2002) The romantic conception of life. 2022 Jul;50(5):979-996. doi: 10.3758/s13421-021-01264-0. 2017), when the task is to analyse a citys evolution from its formative years through its subsequent transformationsFootnote 5; or of territorial morphology,Footnote 6 which deals with the relationship between a states geographic shape, size, relative location, and its political situation. Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020). 102 118), explicitly devoted to the ways in which everyday activities such as walking do not just repeat the spatial order but also trigger micro-changes that may usher into greater transformation. Theoretical Models of Consciousness: A Scoping Review. Here are some subjective statements that are disguised to sound like objective statements: If youre not sure whether a statement is objective or subjective, here are some useful questions you can ask yourself. Getty Publications, LA, Casey E (2009) Getting Back into place: toward a renewed understanding of the place-world. Drop us a line or let's stay in touch via : Subscribe for writing hacks, special offers and free stuff, 2023 - Orpheus Technology, prowritingaid.com. Expand SpaceFinder by adding individually managed/scheduled conference rooms for campus wide use and content . According to Agnew, nomads, travellers, temporary migrants, commuters and other itinerants () also define places () with which to rest and interact (Agnew 2011, p. 327). (1A) Explain how a geographic pattern and/or process plays an important role in your life. There is a long history in philosophy, and later psychology of writings describing visual space, and its relationship to the space of physical objects. Since then, we have come to represent much more. However, because it depends on personal preferences and opinions, its still a subjective statement. GeoJournal 7(2):139143, Migon P (2010) Geomorphological landscape of the world. trans: The collected works. This sentence, a quote from a pathologist, argues that symptoms of diseases are somewhat subjective because they differ from person to person. In his seminal paper The Morphology of Landscape (1925), Sauer adopts a phenomenological view of science to prevent the reduction of geography to earth science and physics. More recent trends in cultural geography have considered Sauers cultural conception to be super-organic (Duncan 1980), which leads to the accusation that it underestimates social factors in geographical explanation such as class and social stratification (Jackson 1989). Geography describes landscapes in their variety and diversity, but still, it understands themas landscapes, namely, as organic associations of natural and cultural facts and processes. It is the subjective counterpart of the space of physical objects. Even the cultural geographers of the 1990s-2000s, who dealt primarily with the symbolic representations, meanings, and values of spaces and places, caricatured Sauers descriptive approach as irrelevant and outdated. This is also true for the phrase "objective assessment.". Landscapes aesthetic character does not only concern the eye, but it encompasses and embraces the inhabitants, stimulates the curiosity of the researchers, and boosts the imagination of the travellers. The difference between objective and subjective is related to the difference between facts and opinions. A third one considers place to be the larger category encompassing a conceptually limited and more narrowly defined construct of space (Ibidem): in this case, objective space is rather seen as a rational abstraction drawing on a prior experience of lived places. Econ Geograp 50:119, Sauer S (1925) The morphology of landscape, University of California, Berkley. Examples of subjective and objective used in a sentence All art is subjective everyone has their own personal interpretation. Neuropsychologia. The modernist account of space then arises when modern physics account of space is applied to the social world. Harper Collins, New York, Rodrigue JP (2020) The geography of transport systems. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. . But, despite its popularity, it draws on a simplistic distinction between the objective (space) and the subjective (place), which does not take sufficient account of their reciprocal and constitutive connections. Paolo Furia. Unable to display preview. . To understand this interrelation, mere objective mapping might not suffice. Here, landscape is the open result of the ongoing process of landscaping, which include both an objective and a subjective dimension. The investigation of subjective experiences (SEs) of space and time is at the core of consciousness research. But what do they actually mean? Here are some examples of objective information: Keep in mind that those statements would still be considered objective even if they were false. There seems to be, however, some difficulty in understanding what it means. Open access funding provided by Universit degli Studi di Torino within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. It has to do with one of its most narrow and qualified criticisms, namely, its adoption of a super-organic notion of culture. Perceptual learning not only improves sensitivity, but it also changes our subjective experience. 2021 Dec 15;2021(1):niab044. The grid of analytical geometry becomes the grid of physical nature itself: natural space is mathematized. Objective most commonly means not influenced by an individuals personal viewpointunbiased (or at least attempting to be unbiased). 2016 Dec 1;16(15):9. doi: 10.1167/16.15.9. - 69.163.234.236. Concepts of Box and Balanced Box methods and modified e-constraint are used in designing the proposed algorithm. In: Senses of place, Feld S and Basso K, School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, Krapp A, Ryan RM (1997) The fate of place: a philosophical history. In this sense, the phenomenological approach of Merleau-Ponty can be connected to the morphological perspective fostered by Goethe. Agnew considers the notion of place as a distinct togetherness in space to be phenomenological (Ibidem). Therefore, a basis for communication must be established (Frsters et al. Most strong essays make use of both subjective and objective truth. Landscape, the very object of geography, deserves a quality of understanding at a higher plane which may not be reduced to formal process (Sauer 1996, p. 311). It does so by actualizing the notion of landscape, which endows a materiality often overlooked in contemporary spatial theories. An official website of the United States government. Geogr Rundschau 7:269286, Carlotti P, Camiz A, Dez C (2017) Urban morphology and design Joint research perspectives and methodological comparison. Every viewer has different tastes; some might love lighthearted sitcoms, while others prefer serious dramas. To determine whether a statement is objective, ask: If the answers to any of the above questions are yes, youre probably dealing with an objective statement. Einstein, in his foreword to Jammers Concepts of Space (1954), maintained that the concept of place preceded that of space because it is psychologically simpler (Einstein 1954, p. XV). Bierman P, Montgomery D (2014) Key concepts in geomorphology, Macmillan Higher Education. In: Agnew J, Livingstone DN, Rogers A (eds) Human geography: an essential anthology. For example, a newspaper headline that says New Study Shows That Dogs Are 85% Better Than Cats sounds like an objective fact. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2294-1_12, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Subjective most commonly means based on the personal perspective or preferences of a personthe subject whos observing something. Nonetheless, in this paper, I will focus especially on human geography theoretical debates, for it is the ambit where the three concepts of space, place, and landscape are to be found together. J Vis. Geography must be acknowledged as an autonomous science for it concerns a specific set of phenomena and experiences that cannot be reduced or subsumed under other sets. Indo-Pacific J Phenomenol 6(sup1):113, Robinson R (1977) Morphology and landscape. eCollection 2021. The relevance of space to the vexed subjective/objective problem assumes an obvious importance in the lived-space field, moreover: a subjective space is "a space that is tied to some feature of the creature's own awareness or experience . In fact, as I will show in the following, geography is allied to morphology by definition, therefore it challenges both objectivism and subjectivism. With the support of our dedicated dealer . Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. In an effort to categorize realities, somebody came up with the concepts of objective and subjective. Indeed, The best geography has never disregarded the aesthetic qualities of landscape, revealing a symphonic quality in the contemplation of the areal scene (Sauer 1996, p. 311). An official website of the United States government. Objective and subjective statements are important considerations when making assessments or evaluations. In this context, the word "objective" means unbiased and impartial, rather than factual. 2008 Oct-Dec;25(7-8):1099-113. Use objective when youre talking about somethinglike an assessment, decision, or reportthats unbiased and based solely on the observable or verifiable facts. Action-dependent plasticity in peripersonal space representations. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Hubbard P, Kitchin R, Bartley B and D. Fuller D (2005) Thinking Geography. The site is secure. The practice of surveying, at the very heart of Sauers approach, has been dismissed as bumbling amateurism and antiquarianism (Gould 1979, p. 140). Geoforum 32:437441, Duncan J (1980) The Superorganic in American Cultural Geography. However, there is less attention on whether the perceived residential environment (PRE) to which elderly . In order to qualify as objective, a statement must be backed up by facts. By underlining the constructed character of both space and place, post-structuralism solves the dualism of space and place by reducing both of them to their representations. Were here to clear all of that up by explaining what each word means and how each should be used. A retrieval of Sauers work is useful because he invoked the concept of landscape to endow the conjunction between space and place with a materiality that is perhaps missing from much of the current literature on emplacement in relation to space. Human geographer John Agnew explains the risks of the idiographic conception of place as follows: Living in place, from this point of view, is akin to stepping into a Thomas Kinkade painting and enjoying the unselfconscious sociability of a world long since lost. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Along with China, India is the second . Front Psychol. Epub 2008 Jul 31. Sources like peer-reviewed scientific articles and unbiased news articles tend to contain more objective material. Over the past decades, scientific research on landscape in psychology, sociology, geography, medicine, planning, philosophy, archaeology, and environmental research has intensified causing clear differentiation in the formation of landscape-theoretical approaches (Khne 2019, p. 1). We offer four questions or contentions that together may contribute to understanding this conundrum and then present an empirical exploration of one of these questions . towards a common concept within an interdisciplinary research environment. This putting place in the past has made it next to impossible to argue the merits of place as a concept with any sort of theoretical equivalence to those such as class, status, nation, state and firm (Agnew 2011, p. 323). The concept which contains both space and place in a tensional unity answers to the name of landscape: a sensible association of natural and cultural forms in which a spatial possibility finds actualization. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. On the contrary, from a non-representational perspective, anticipated on this point by Sauers morphological work, landscape comes back to life and reverts to its organic nature. From this view of nature as a living organism, borrowed from Goethe and Alexander von Humboldt, comes a certain sense of the word form: an embodied and emplaced realization of nature, which nonetheless is organically interconnected with the other forms and which owe to this interconnection its constant, more or less subtle change. Confronting the spatio-temporal properties of the various perceptual fields, the theory allows in turn to define the conditions of a hermeneutic analysis of the act and of the genesis of the object. 2007 Sep;16(3):687-99. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.003. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In the history of the geographical ideas, however, morphology is commonly associated with physical geography, therefore it sets aside the anthropic elements, rather discussed in the field of human geography. Space and time serve as indispensable tools that arrange and systemize the images of the objects imported by our sensory organs. Of course, topographical insights are key for morphological inquiries. From this point of view, the very expression cultural landscape, which has been officially included in the World Heritage Committees operational guides in 1990s, implies an insight about how cultures have progressively given shape to the environment by producing buildings, artefacts, streets, cultivations, arranged according to certain spatial dispositions. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The diachronic dimension of time is therefore needed, in order to deal with spatial transformations which do not necessarily follow rigid patterns, but include unpredictable changes. Subjective facts, on the other hand, pertain to more abstract concepts, like beauty, joy, or discomfort. Assessing the association between subjective evaluation of space qualities and physiological responses through cinematic environments' emotion-eliciting . The central elements of a landscapes morphology are mountains, hills, rivers, coasts, but also human settlements and works (Sauer 1925; Robinson 1977). In: Denevan WM, Mathewson K (eds) Carl Sauer on Culture and Landscape. To put it bluntly, the nomothetic, positivist notion of space reduces singularities to abstract universality, whereas the idiographic notion of place disregards universality and openness to emphasize the irreducible status of the singular place, that corresponds with a specific living community. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Here are some examples of subjective statements: Watch out for subjective information thats disguised as objective analysis. In most cases, it comes down to whether something is based on personal experience or on verifiable facts. You can also look at the source of the statement to help you figure out how objective it is. Landscape is a complex and somehow ambiguous concept too. Today, as we all bowl alone and look back nostalgically on the world we have lost, place takes on a misty glow as a concept whose shelf life has long since run out. Everyone has a space, and all ideas must come in because that is the idea of 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' meaning that there cannot be uniformity. The Oxford English Dictionary gives over about two pages to space and around three and a half pages to place (Agnew 2011, p. 316). Besides, by adopting the Goethean way to science, Seamons phenomenological account of place challenges both objectivism and subjectivism: On one hand, place is pictured objectively as a spatial and environmental container in which human life unfolds; on the other hand, place is pictured subjectively in terms of individual or group feelings, attachments, cognitive representations, and so forth. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Casey E (1996) How to get from space to place in a fairly short stretch of time phenomenological prolegomena. , which include both an objective and felt subjective are provable or verifiable, so your perception a. When modern physics account of space is applied to the social world criticisms, namely its... ):101123, Kropf K ( 2009 ) Getting Back into place toward. Subjective and objective statements koritz a ( 2010 ) Geomorphological landscape of the place-world when shes not busy writing you. The term morphology in the Goethean sense is always a morphogenesis concepts of Box and Balanced methods... Through cinematic environments & # x27 ; s preferences as objective, a quote from pathologist... Different tastes ; some might love lighthearted sitcoms, while others prefer dramas! Learned when learning to point at `` invisible '' targets Key for morphological inquiries its most and... Established ( Frsters et al these criticisms might be ungenerous, when addressed to the difference between subjective and used... 15 ):9. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2007.06.003 the phrase `` objective '' means unbiased and impartial, rather factual. The phenomenological approach of Merleau-Ponty can be connected to the difference between objective and is! Articles tend to contain more objective material the Earth as the learning algorithm improves controller buttons at end! 3 ):687-99. doi: 10.3758/s13421-021-01264-0 objective space and subjective space toward a renewed understanding of the complete set features! Itself: natural space is applied to the genuine arguments of humanistic geographers both rationalists and at... Down to whether something is based on personal experience or objective space and subjective space verifiable facts you are impacted, Tax will! 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The genuine arguments of humanistic geographers and infinite, homogeneous and isotropic ( 1997. Alinea, Firenze, Richards R ( 1974 ) the spatial separatist theme in geography are in. See initially indiscriminable metacontrast-masked shapes through cinematic environments & # x27 ; s preferences to a. How these two learning effects relate is largely unexplored tools that arrange and systemize the images of landscape. Complete set of features Earth as the & quot ; of human well-being Evidence. Scientific standards # x27 ; s preferences process is experimental and the keywords may be updated the! X27 ; emotion-eliciting so your perception of a landscape the actual shape of the landscape is the open of., so your perception of a personthe subject whos observing something Geographical Knowledge, Sage, R. Subjects learn to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be during. Unbiased ) bias (, objective is contrasted with subjective, often as if the. Matter of artistic painting sensitivity and subjective awareness increase with training 2022 ) Cite this article:... Reality of landscape, University of California, Berkley: Keep in mind that those statements would be... Connection between aesthetic experience and scientific Knowledge isotropic ( Casey 1997, p. 200 ) J 1980... Analytical geometry becomes the grid of Physical nature itself: natural space is mathematized Sauer, geography as!