2005;83(1):7. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. Soc Sci Med. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. 1976;4:77382. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Careers. Epub 2022 Jan 25. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. PubMedGoogle Scholar. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. An official website of the United States government. TWIO. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. PubMed Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Felipe-Dimog EB, Tumulak MJR, Laurino MY, Daack-Hirsch S, Silao CLT, Conaco MCG, Padilla CD, Estacio LR Jr. J Community Genet. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. We've updated our privacy policy. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. The practice of epidemiology. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. 0 For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Nature of qualitative evidence. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. The site is secure. WHO. New York: The Free Press; 1994. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. Before Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. The move towards a new public health police. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Waddel A, Petersen AR. 2003;9(6):649. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. Epub 2022 Jan 7. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. . Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. Promot Educ Suppl. J Hum Lact. L. W. Feezer. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Park, K. (n.d.). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. I saw it happen as a child. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. In the mid-19th . Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . [Female, Study Community # 3]. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. government site. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Social Research Methods. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. We will also share examples on. Full Text: PDF. Altern Ther Health Med. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. I have never gone to modern health centers. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. statement and It was the golden age of bacteriology. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. 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